14 research outputs found
A Real-World WebAgent with Planning, Long Context Understanding, and Program Synthesis
Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved better
generalization and sample efficiency in autonomous web navigation. However, the
performance on real-world websites has still suffered from (1) open domainness,
(2) limited context length, and (3) lack of inductive bias on HTML. We
introduce WebAgent, an LLM-driven agent that can complete the tasks on real
websites following natural language instructions. WebAgent plans ahead by
decomposing instructions into canonical sub-instructions, summarizes long HTML
documents into task-relevant snippets, and acts on websites via generated
Python programs from those. We design WebAgent with Flan-U-PaLM, for grounded
code generation, and HTML-T5, new pre-trained LLMs for long HTML documents
using local and global attention mechanisms and a mixture of long-span
denoising objectives, for planning and summarization. We empirically
demonstrate that our recipe improves the success on a real website by over 50%,
and that HTML-T5 is the best model to solve HTML-based tasks; achieving 14.9%
higher success rate than prior SoTA on the MiniWoB web navigation benchmark and
better accuracy on offline task planning evaluation
Understanding HTML with Large Language Models
Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance on a variety
of natural language tasks. Yet, their capabilities for HTML understanding --
i.e., parsing the raw HTML of a webpage, with applications to automation of
web-based tasks, crawling, and browser-assisted retrieval -- have not been
fully explored. We contribute HTML understanding models (fine-tuned LLMs) and
an in-depth analysis of their capabilities under three tasks: (i) Semantic
Classification of HTML elements, (ii) Description Generation for HTML inputs,
and (iii) Autonomous Web Navigation of HTML pages. While previous work has
developed dedicated architectures and training procedures for HTML
understanding, we show that LLMs pretrained on standard natural language
corpora transfer remarkably well to HTML understanding tasks. For instance,
fine-tuned LLMs are 12% more accurate at semantic classification compared to
models trained exclusively on the task dataset. Moreover, when fine-tuned on
data from the MiniWoB benchmark, LLMs successfully complete 50% more tasks
using 192x less data compared to the previous best supervised model. Out of the
LLMs we evaluate, we show evidence that T5-based models are ideal due to their
bidirectional encoder-decoder architecture. To promote further research on LLMs
for HTML understanding, we create and open-source a large-scale HTML dataset
distilled and auto-labeled from CommonCrawl
Personality Traits in Large Language Models
The advent of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural
language processing, enabling the generation of coherent and contextually
relevant human-like text. As LLMs increasingly power conversational agents used
by the general public world-wide, the synthetic personality embedded in these
models, by virtue of training on large amounts of human data, is becoming
increasingly important. Since personality is a key factor determining the
effectiveness of communication, we present a comprehensive method for
administering and validating personality tests on widely-used LLMs, as well as
for shaping personality in the generated text of such LLMs. Applying this
method, we found: 1) personality measurements in the outputs of some LLMs under
specific prompting configurations are reliable and valid; 2) evidence of
reliability and validity of synthetic LLM personality is stronger for larger
and instruction fine-tuned models; and 3) personality in LLM outputs can be
shaped along desired dimensions to mimic specific human personality profiles.
We discuss application and ethical implications of the measurement and shaping
method, in particular regarding responsible AI
Biological Flora of the British Isles: Sorbus torminalis
1.This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Wild Service-tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.2.Sorbus torminalis is an uncommon, mostly small tree (but can reach 33 m) native to lowland England and Wales, and temperate and Mediterranean regions of mainland Europe. It is the most shade-tolerant member of the genus in the British Isles and as a result it is more closely associated with woodland than any other British species. Like other British Sorbus species, however, it grows best where competition for space and sunlight is limited. Seedlings are shade tolerant but adults are only moderately so. This, combined with its low competitive ability, restricts the best growth to open areas. In shade, saplings and young adults form a sapling bank, showing reproduction and extensive growth only when released. Sorbus torminalis tolerates a wide range of soil reaction (pH 3.5-8.0) but grows best on calcareous clays and thin soils over limestone.3.Sorbus torminalis is a sexual, diploid, non-apomictic species that has hybridised with a number of other Sorbus species to form microspecies. The hermaphrodite flowers are primarily insect pollinated. Seed production is reliable only in warm years, especially at the edge of its range, although even then seed viability is low. The fruits are primarily dispersed by carnivorous mammals. Seeds display embryo dormancy but most will germinate the first spring after falling.4.This tree is very tolerant of short droughts but only moderately tolerant of frost, hence its southerly and lowland distribution. It faces no particular individual threats although the small size of most populations makes it susceptible to habitat loss and fragmentation, particularly through the loss of open coppiced areas. As a consequence it appears to be declining throughout Britain and Europe despite its wide range of historical uses and the high value of its timber. The extent to which these losses will be offset by increases due to climate change is unknown.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
WPA2 security-bandwith trade-off in 802.11n peer-peer WLAN for IPv4 and IPv6 using Windows XP and Windows 7 operating systems
In this paper, we present new results on the performance of IEEE 802.11n using open system (no security) and WPA2 security for Windows XP and Windows 7. Enabling WPA2 security results in approximately 4.4 Mbps less TCP throughput than open system for both IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows XP and up to 2.8 Mbps less TCP throughput for Windows 7. For both open system and WPA2 security, Windows 7 provides higher IPv4 and IPv6 bandwidth than Windows XP and IPv4 provides higher bandwidth than IPv6
Effect of WPA2 Security on IEEE 802.11n bandwidth and round trip time in peer-peer wireless local area networks
In this paper 802.11 wireless peer-peer network is
evaluated for both IPv4 and IPv6 in Windows 7 and Fedora 12 operating systems. IPv4 has higher throughput than IPv6 for all packet sizes for both Windows 7 and Fedora 12 operating systems. Results further indicate that implementing WPA2
wireless security reduces bandwidth and increase delay in
wireless networks
Photo-catalytic pretreatment of biomass for anaerobic digestion using visible light and Nickle oxide (NiOx) nanoparticles prepared by sol gel method
International audienc
Screening of native hyper-lipid producing microalgae strains for biomass and lipid production
International audienc